Talmud for Kilayim 7:1
בניך לא יהא בהן פסולת. הא מכלל שיש בהן פסולת. שנייא היא הכא שהוא עתיד למתקה כהדא רבי שמעון בר' הוה משקי פרסתקיה יין מבושל בשביל למתקה:
R. Aha said: It is written (in Gen. xliv. 3): "As soon as the morning was light." The Tori calls the light "morning." R. Ishmael taught: It is written "every morning," so as to give a limit for him who desires to know when the morning commences. R. Yosse bar R. Aboon said: If you think to call night, the time that the sun takes to traverse the heavens (from dawn to radiancy), it would be equivalent to saying that the day and the night do not resemble each other (the night would lengthen out to the morning by this addition; but we are taught that on the first day of the Equinox of Nissan ', and on the first day of the Equinox of Tissri, the day and the night are equal). R. Hoona says: One can accept the usual custom as a term of comparison. Thus, when the king starts to go out, he is said to be out; but when he commences to return, he is not said to be returned, until it is an accomplished fact (it is the same with the sun).
Jerusalem Talmud Kilayim
MISHNAH: A bald spot in a vineyard1Here start the rules for kilaim in a vineyard, where the rules have to be more strict than for fields since other crops in a vineyard make everything “sanctified”. For a biblical basis of the treatment of a partially dead vineyard, cf. Chapter 7, Note 44.
A dried-up vineyard cannot be successfully replanted unless lupines and other nitrogen-enriching plants grow there for a few years. The vintner will want to sow these plants as soon as possible.
Instead of interpreting קרחת הכרם as “bald spot in a vineyard” one might think of “agricultural area in a vineyard”, cf. Chapter 2, Note 150.: the House of Shammai say 24 cubits2The cubit used to measure vessels can be determined from Mishnah Kelim 17:11 which states that some authorities define liquid measures as Roman. The Roman quartarius, equivalent to the Jewish reviït, is 133 cm3. The Yerushalmi states in Pesaḥim10:1 (fol. 37c) that the reviït is 7⅓ cubic digits [the Babli (Pesaḥim 109a) defines it as 10.8 cubic digits.] The Yerushalmi digit is therefore the cube root of (133/7.3333)cm3 or 2.63 cm. Then the cubit of 24 digits is 63 cm. (The corresponding Babylonian cubit would be only 55.5 cm.) On the other hand, Rashi (Erubin 60b) defines the cubit used for measuring terrain as half a pace, 2000 cubits being 1000 paces or one mile. If one uses the Roman mile (1000 passus) of 1473 m, one obtains 73.7 cm for the cubit. If Rashi would define the half-step as two Parisian feet, one would obtain 65 cm, in reasonable correspondence with the Yerushalmi cubit derived earlier, but if he would refer to half an aune, his cubit would be 59 cm, closer to the Babylonian standard.
In Tosephta Kelim Baba Meẓi‘a 6:13, R. Meïr states that all cubits referred to in the laws of a vineyard are cubits of five hand-breadths. This makes the Palestinian vineyard cubit 20 digits or 52.6 cm, close to the standard Babylonian cubit. but the House of Hillel say 16 cubits. The circumference3From the root חול “to turn in a circle,” from which also the Biblical homonym מחול “fife.” The rules of bald spots at the outer edge of a vineyard are given in Mishnah 2. of a vineyard: the House of Shammai say 16 cubits but the House of Hillel say 12 cubits. What is a bald spot in a vineyard? A vineyard that dried up in the middle; if there are less than 16 cubits one should not bring seeds there4The rules given here apply if the bald spot contains a circle of 16 cubits diameter (for the House of Hillel), i. e., if there is a point in the bald spot from which the minimal distance to any living vine is at least 8 cubits.. If there are 16 cubits, one allows it space to be tended5The space needed to tend a vineyard is a path 4 cubits wide so that the ox-drawn cart of the vintner may move there. Even though the House of Hillel forbid sowing if the minimal width is less than eight cubits, if somebody sowed illegally on a smaller patch neither the seeds nor the vines become “sanctified” as long as a minimal distance of 4 cubits is observed everywhere (Mishnah 7:3). and the rest one may sow.
What is the circumference of a vineyard? Between the vineyard and the fence. If less than 12 cubits are there, one should not introduce seeds there. If 12 cubits are there, one gives it24The vineyard. One leaves four cubits near the vines empty. space for tending and sows the remaining area.
Rebbi Jehudah says, that is only the fence of a vineyard29In his opinion, one may sow at a distance of four cubits from any vine between the vineyard and the fence.. What is the circumference of a vineyard? A vineyard between two Vineyards. What is a fence30From here to the end of the Mishnah the statement is generally accepted; this is no longer R. Jehudah’s statement. The question is not what is a fence or a ditch materially but what legally counts as fence or ditch.? If it is ten hand-breadths high, and a ditch is ten deep and four wide31In the interpretation of Maimonides (Kilaim 7:14), “four handbreadths wide” applies equally to the fence (presumably, a stone fence) and a ditch..
A dried-up vineyard cannot be successfully replanted unless lupines and other nitrogen-enriching plants grow there for a few years. The vintner will want to sow these plants as soon as possible.
Instead of interpreting קרחת הכרם as “bald spot in a vineyard” one might think of “agricultural area in a vineyard”, cf. Chapter 2, Note 150.: the House of Shammai say 24 cubits2The cubit used to measure vessels can be determined from Mishnah Kelim 17:11 which states that some authorities define liquid measures as Roman. The Roman quartarius, equivalent to the Jewish reviït, is 133 cm3. The Yerushalmi states in Pesaḥim10:1 (fol. 37c) that the reviït is 7⅓ cubic digits [the Babli (Pesaḥim 109a) defines it as 10.8 cubic digits.] The Yerushalmi digit is therefore the cube root of (133/7.3333)cm3 or 2.63 cm. Then the cubit of 24 digits is 63 cm. (The corresponding Babylonian cubit would be only 55.5 cm.) On the other hand, Rashi (Erubin 60b) defines the cubit used for measuring terrain as half a pace, 2000 cubits being 1000 paces or one mile. If one uses the Roman mile (1000 passus) of 1473 m, one obtains 73.7 cm for the cubit. If Rashi would define the half-step as two Parisian feet, one would obtain 65 cm, in reasonable correspondence with the Yerushalmi cubit derived earlier, but if he would refer to half an aune, his cubit would be 59 cm, closer to the Babylonian standard.
In Tosephta Kelim Baba Meẓi‘a 6:13, R. Meïr states that all cubits referred to in the laws of a vineyard are cubits of five hand-breadths. This makes the Palestinian vineyard cubit 20 digits or 52.6 cm, close to the standard Babylonian cubit. but the House of Hillel say 16 cubits. The circumference3From the root חול “to turn in a circle,” from which also the Biblical homonym מחול “fife.” The rules of bald spots at the outer edge of a vineyard are given in Mishnah 2. of a vineyard: the House of Shammai say 16 cubits but the House of Hillel say 12 cubits. What is a bald spot in a vineyard? A vineyard that dried up in the middle; if there are less than 16 cubits one should not bring seeds there4The rules given here apply if the bald spot contains a circle of 16 cubits diameter (for the House of Hillel), i. e., if there is a point in the bald spot from which the minimal distance to any living vine is at least 8 cubits.. If there are 16 cubits, one allows it space to be tended5The space needed to tend a vineyard is a path 4 cubits wide so that the ox-drawn cart of the vintner may move there. Even though the House of Hillel forbid sowing if the minimal width is less than eight cubits, if somebody sowed illegally on a smaller patch neither the seeds nor the vines become “sanctified” as long as a minimal distance of 4 cubits is observed everywhere (Mishnah 7:3). and the rest one may sow.
What is the circumference of a vineyard? Between the vineyard and the fence. If less than 12 cubits are there, one should not introduce seeds there. If 12 cubits are there, one gives it24The vineyard. One leaves four cubits near the vines empty. space for tending and sows the remaining area.
Rebbi Jehudah says, that is only the fence of a vineyard29In his opinion, one may sow at a distance of four cubits from any vine between the vineyard and the fence.. What is the circumference of a vineyard? A vineyard between two Vineyards. What is a fence30From here to the end of the Mishnah the statement is generally accepted; this is no longer R. Jehudah’s statement. The question is not what is a fence or a ditch materially but what legally counts as fence or ditch.? If it is ten hand-breadths high, and a ditch is ten deep and four wide31In the interpretation of Maimonides (Kilaim 7:14), “four handbreadths wide” applies equally to the fence (presumably, a stone fence) and a ditch..
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Jerusalem Talmud Beitzah
It was stated: One does not climb on a tree whether moist32Fruit bearing. or dried-up33Including trees without fruits. Babli Eruvin100b.. One understands moist; dried-up? So we are saying, it is forbidden to step on a twig on the Sabbath34Even dry twigs; this is a minority opinion.? Or does it follow Rebbi Meïr, as Rebbi Meïr said35Mishnah Kilaim7:2., “a dried-up vine is forbidden but does not sanctify”36It is forbidden to grow vegetables in a vineyard. This applies also to dry vines, but in contrast to active vines the vegetables do not become forbidden for usufruct.? It is everybody’s opinion; they forbade the dried-up tree because of a moist tree. Rav Ḥiyya bar Ashi came running before Rav. He asked him, how did you come? He told him, [by] the warped date palm37Implying that he stepped over the trunk, which for Rav is forbidden.. He said to him, who permitted you?
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Jerusalem Talmud Kilayim
HALAKHAH: It was stated: One may put sheaves next57The meaning of סומך “to lean on” was studied by J. N. Epstein, ,מבוא לנוסח המשנה 2nd ed. (Jerusalem/Tel Aviv 1964) p. 446. to dried-up vines. Rebbi Yose said, that means that one may not plant a dry vine next to dry standing grain58Since only sheaves, bundles of cut grain, may lean on dry vines, it follows that dry, standing grain must be separated even from dried-up vines.. May one sow next to dry vines? Let us hear from the following59Mishnah 7:2.:“A dried-up vine is forbidden but does not sanctify60Deut. 22:9 declares that grain growing in a vineyard sanctifies both the grain and the vines. This means that it acquires a status similar to sacrifices; all profane use of it is forbidden. But since it is not a sacrifice, it has to be burned. In tractate Kilaim, “sanctified” means “it must be destroyed by burning.” Kilaim not involving vines are sinful but not sanctified..” Rebbi Eleazar said, this is the opinion of Rebbi Meïr, since Rebbi Meïr said59Mishnah 7:2., even cotton61Determination of Maimonides and R. Simson, see Mishnah 7:2. Cotton is not food but cottonseed is. is forbidden but does not sanctify.
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