גמרא מנן תיתי ליה והיו אלה לכם לחקת משפט הייתי אומר אחד דיני ממונות ואחד דיני נפשות בדרישה ובחקירה. ומניין לדיני ממונות שהן בשלשה ונקרב בעל הבית אל האלהים ריבה בה דיין אחד עד האלהים הרי שנים אשר ירשיעון אלהים הרי כאן שלשה דברי ר' יאשיה רבי יונתן אמר הראשון תחילה נאמר. ואין דורשין תחילות. אלא עד האלהים הרי אחד אשר ירשיעון אלהים הרי שנים אין בית דין שקול מוסיפין עליהן עוד אחד הרי שלשה. ר' אומר בשנים הכתוב מדבר אתה אומר בשנים או אינו אלא באחד כשהוא אומר אשר ירשיען אלהים אין כתיב כאן אלא אשר ירשיעון אלהים אין בית דין שקול מוסיפין עליהן עוד אחד הרי שלשה. ר' אבהו בעי וכרבי דיני ממונות בחמשה ושיגמר בכ"ג. אשכח תני רבי חזקיה הואיל ואמרה תורה הרוג על פי מטים הרוג על פי עדים מה עדים שנים אף מטים שנים אין בית דין שקול מוסיפין עליהן אחד הרי חמשה.
We recite [in our mishnah] "...from the time that the kohanim (Aaronide priests) enter to eat their Terumah (produce consecrated for priestly consumption)." Rabbi Chiya taught [in Tosefta Berakhot 1:1]: "...from the time that people usually go in to eat their bread on the eve of the Sabbath." And there is a baraita that comments on this: "These opinions are close enough to be equal."
Jerusalem Talmud Sanhedrin
MISHNAH: Both civil suits and criminal suits require cross-examination and investigation1Cross-examination is the interrogation of witnesses which changes from trial to trial. Investigation is the determination of answers to the obligatory questions enumerated in Mishnah 5:1., as it is said: One set of rules shall be for you23This is the opposite of rigidity. The understanding of Torah and with it the entire code of behavior required by it is a function of time. While precedents should be overthrown only for very weighty reasons, no rule is invariable for all times.. What is the difference between civil suits and criminal suits? Civil suits are tried before three judges, criminal suits before 23. In civil suits one starts with arguments either for acquittal or conviction; in criminal courts one starts with arguments4In the discussion by the judges after all evidence was presented. for acquittal but not for conviction.
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Jerusalem Talmud Sanhedrin
MISHNAH: Anyone who was stoned is hanged62Deut. 21:22 is read as a requirement that the corpse of the criminal be hanged after execution, not as recognizing hanging as a legitimate form of execution., the words of Rebbi Eliezer. But the Sages say, only the blasphemer and the idolator are hanged. A man is hanged face to the people and a woman face to the pole, the words of Rebbi Eliezer. But the Sages say, a man is hanged63Since Deut. 21:21 refers to a man being executed., a woman is not hanged. Rebbi Eliezer said, it happened that Simeon ben Shetaḥ hanged women in Ascalon. They told him, he hanged eighty women, but one does not try two on the same day64In addition, he used hanging as a form of execution, which is forbidden..
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Jerusalem Talmud Gittin
MISHNAH: If one said to two persons, give a bill of divorce to my wife137Since the husband did not authorize a scribe, the appointed persons themselves have to write the bill of divorce., or to three persons, write a bill of divorce and deliver to my wife, they should write and deliver138Since he specifically asked them to write, they cannot constitute themselves as a court and direct the scribe of the court to write the bill but must write it themselves.. If he said to three persons, deliver a bill of divorce to my wife, they shall ask others to write since he appointed them as a court, the words of Rebbi Meïr. This instructions for practice did Ḥananiah139In Sanhedrin 1:2 (18d last line) he is called Ḥanina; in Babli sources Rebbi Ḥanina. from Ono send from jail: I know from tradition that if someone said to three persons, deliver a bill of divorce to my wife, they shall ask others to write since he appointed them as a court. Rebbi Yose said, we told the messenger that we also know from tradition that even if he said to the Supreme Court in Jerusalem, deliver a bill of divorce to my wife, they shall learn140If they do not know how to write a document., write, and deliver. If he said to ten persons, write a bill of divorce for my wife, one writes and two sign. All of you shall write, one writes and all sign. Therefore, if one of them died, the bill of divorce would be void.
