תלמוד על שבת 7:1

MISHNAH: One who brings out wine to mix a cup¹As explained in the Halakhah, the normal size of a cup is an Italic quartarius, 0.133 1 or 4.5 US fl. oz. Wine was never drunk unmixed; the standard is one part of wine for three parts of water. This makes the volume of wine needed for one cup 0.0331 1 or 1 1/8fl. oz., milk for a sip, honey to put on a sore spot, oil to anoint a small limb²A small limb of a newborn baby., water to mix eye salve³Chapter 7, Note 344., and all other fluids by a quartarius, and all waste water by a quartarius. Rebbi Simeon says, all are by a quartarius; these measures were said only for those who store them⁴He holds that people do not store a volume less than a quartarius of any fluid; therefore smaller amounts create liability only for persons who would store smaller amounts. Cf. Chapter 7, Note 458..

MISHNAH: There are four main categories of damages¹Most rules of payment for damages may be derived from the examples of damages treated in Ex. 21–22, as explained in the Halakhah.: The bull²An agressive bull goring with his horns; Ex. 21:28–32;35–36., and the pit³A person digging a pit in the public domain is responsible for any damage caused by his action; Ex. 21:33–34., and the devourer⁴Damage caused by an animal other than goring: feeding (“the tooth”) and trampling (“the foot”), Ex. 22:4. The Aramaic root בעי is found in Pseudo-Jonathan to Num. 22:2 as translation of Hebrew לחך “to devour”. The unusual expression מַבְעֶה is used to subsume two legal terms under one., and the setting on fire⁵Ex. 22:5.. The bull is not like the devourer, nor the devourer like the bull⁶Since goring, trampling, and devouring are all ascribed to the same animal, the question arises why the bull has to be mentioned in two different categories both in the Mishnah and in the biblical text. The details are given only in the Babli: An animal which gores is intent on causing damage; therefore the rules are different for known agressive or generally not agressive animals since these require different levels of supervision. But the rules for damage caused by feeding and trampling are the same for all animals.; neither of them who are alive is like the pit⁷It is obvious and confirmed by all other sources that the positions of “pit” and “fire” have to be switched. which is not alive, nor either of them which move in causing damage is like the fire⁷It is obvious and confirmed by all other sources that the positions of “pit” and “fire” have to be switched. which does not move in causing damage. The common theme of them is that they are usually causing damage and you are obligated to watch them, and if damage was caused the person causing the damage is obligated to pay the damages in best quality land⁸If the person causing the damage cannot pay, the person collecting damages can foreclose the culprit’s land with the highest value per unit of surface area. As biblical law, this applies to damages caused by unattended animals, Ex. 22:4..

MISHNAH: If one throws from a private domain to the public domain or from the public domain to a private domain or from a private domain to another private domain when a public domain is between them, Rebbi Aqiba declares him liable¹Under certain conditions as discussed in the Halakhah. but the Sages declare him not liable²Since motion requires start and finish, they consider it a Sabbath violation only if either one of start or finish was in a private and the other in the public domain or both in the public domain at a distance greater than 4 cubits..